Eighteen battery storage projects totaling more than 2,800 megawatts are proposed across the Hudson Valley and Catskills, more capacity than any other region of the state. They’ve been proposed to help meet New York State’s six-gigawatt energy storage goal, a program the state says will store renewable generation “for the times it is needed most,” firming intermittent solar and wind into steady power.

That belief that batteries store renewable energy is the basis for nearly everything that follows. It’s the basis for a statewide subsidy program, modeled on renewable energy credits, whose costs are collected from customers through the same line items that fund actual renewables; on a Central Hudson bill, it’s literally called the “Clean Energy Standard Surcharge.” It’s the basis for property tax exemptions written for solar and wind, and for the federal government’s “Clean Electricity Investment Credit.” And it’s the argument developers bring to town boards from Ulster to Dover.

None of those benefits, state or federal, is conditioned on where the electricity actually comes from. So it’s worth asking the question the incentives never ask: when these batteries charge, what generates the power going into them?

In the Hudson Valley and Catskills, the answer, overwhelmingly, is natural gas, 87% to 92% of the time depending on the zone (according to NYISO’s own marginal-emissions data). Not just now, but likely for the lifetime of these projects: our modeling finds New York would need five to nine times all the solar it has ever built before charging windows are even half renewable.

Zone-by-zone breakdown

Every battery on the map charges from the same place: the grid of the zone it sits in. Batteries earn their money by buying power when it’s cheapest and selling it back when it’s expensive, so we pulled a full year of NYISO real-time price data and found the four cheapest hours of every single day in every zone. Those are the hours a battery operator charges. Then we asked what was actually setting the price in those hours, because on a power grid, new demand isn’t served by the average of everything running. It’s served by whatever plant ramps up next. At two in the morning, that is not solar.

The chart below shows the answer for each zone, hour by hour across 365 days: the share of charging hours where gas plants set the price, the share where zero-carbon resources did (hydro, wind, nuclear surplus), and the share too close to call, which we count against our own case. And you don’t have to take our word for the method. NYISO, the grid operator, publishes its own measure of exactly this, the marginal emission rate, which it says is “[r]elevant for near-term consumption decisions” like charging. Each zone’s bar carries NYISO’s number alongside ours. The two agree within a few points everywhere.

What they told you

Terra-Gen is proposing to construct and operate a 250-megawatt lithium-ion battery energy storage system (BESS) facility to provide state-of-the-art renewable energy.

Terra-Gen Development Company, developer — Alcazar project website, ulstercleanenergy.com, July 28, 2026

Energy storage will provide many benefits to a modern power grid, including the ability to fully harness our most cost-effective energy solutions in wind and solar.

Marguerite Wells, Executive Director, Alliance for Clean Energy New York — Governor's Office press release, July 28, 2025

The policy could be revised to reflect … the energy coming (into) those batteries is generated by wind and solar.

Chris Canada, Agency attorney, Ulster County Industrial Development Agency — Daily Freeman (William J. Kemble), reporting the UCIDA board meeting on extending renewable tax breaks to batteries, May 22, 2026

Battery storage facilities store excess renewable energy and dispatch it as needed…

Sen. Michelle Hinchey & Assemblymember Sarahana Shrestha, Joint statement on the Alcazar project — Hudson Valley One, September 17, 2025

Methodology

NYISO real-time zonal prices and fuel mix, 12 complete months, every day's 4 cheapest hours classified by what set the price; corroborated by NYISO's Implied Marginal Emission Rates (report P-72) and EPA CAMD plant-level hourly data. Confirmed-gas figures are floors; ceilings including ambiguous hours are shown on the map. Zero-carbon charging hours are real, counted, and disclosed on every project marker.

Come make sense of the grid with us

Everything comes down to how the electric grid actually works. On Thursday, August 20, we're bringing Meredith Angwin, a.k.a. "The Electric Grandma," one of the first women to run projects at the Electric Power Research Institute, to Ulster County for a plain-English crash course: why bills are rising, how the grid keeps the lights on, and which power sources you can actually count on.

Understanding Energy: A Civic 101 Crash Course
Aug 20, 6–8 pm | M. Clifford Miller Middle School, Lake Katrine | $15

Info & Tickets